A rough forging discontinuity caused by excessive working is classified as what?

A rough forging discontinuity caused by excessive working is classified as a "burst." This type of discontinuity occurs when the material has been subjected to excessive mechanical stresses during forging operations. The fibers in the material may pull apart instead of deforming uniformly, leading to a rupture or bursting effect. This can compromise the integrity of the part, potentially leading to failure during use.

In contrast, shrinkage relates to voids or cavities that occur as metal cools and solidifies, not due to excessive mechanical working, but because of metal contraction. Pipe refers to a tubular discontinuity that forms in the center of castings, often due to solidification shrinkage. Lastly, lamination involves layers of material separating within a workpiece, which can arise from improper processing or inclusions during manufacturing, rather than being exclusively associated with excessive working. Understanding these classifications helps in identifying potential defects during the inspection process so that appropriate measures can be taken to ensure the reliability of the component.